Comprehensive technical data on nylon/PA material properties — thermal, mechanical, chemical resistance, electrical, and comparison tables across grades.
Overview of Nylon Material Properties
Nylon (polyamide) materials occupy a unique position in engineering thermoplastics: they offer the highest combination of strength, toughness, and wear resistance among non-reinforced plastics, while remaining processable on standard injection molding and extrusion equipment. This technical reference compiles the key properties that engineers, designers, and procurement specialists need when evaluating nylon for specific applications.
All data in this reference applies to conditioned material (23°C, 50% RH) unless otherwise noted. Moisture content significantly affects mechanical properties — dry-as-molded values can be 20-40% higher than conditioned values for unfilled nylon.
Mechanical Properties by Nylon Grade
| 인장 강도(MPa) | 80 | 82 | 90 | 55 | 170 | 185 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 휴식 시 연신율 (%) | 150 | 60 | 45 | 200 | 3 | 3 |
| 인장 계수(GPa) | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 9.0 | 10.0 |
| 굴곡 강도(MPa) | 100 | 110 | 130 | 75 | 240 | 270 |
| 굴곡 탄성률(GPa) | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 8.5 | 9.2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnotched Izod (J/m) | No break | No break | 450 | No break | 600 | 700 |
**Key Observations**:
– PA6 has higher elongation (more ductile) but PA66 has higher strength
– Glass fiber reinforcement (GF30 = 30% glass fiber) increases strength 2-2.5× but dramatically reduces ductility
– PA46 outperforms all standard nylons in both strength and thermal resistance, at higher cost
– PA12 is the softest and most flexible — lowest strength but best impact resistance at low temperatures
Thermal Properties
Thermal performance is often the deciding factor in grade selection:
| 녹는점(°C) | 225 | 265 | 295 | 180 | 225 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glass Transition Temp (°C) | 50-60 | 65-70 | 75 | 40-45 | 50-60 |
| HDT @ 0.45 MPa (°C) | 170 | 250 | 285 | 145 | 215 |
| HDT @ 1.82MPa(°C) | 65 | 90 | 160 | 55 | 195 |
| 연속 서비스 온도(°C) | 100-115 | 130-150 | 170-180 | 80-95 | 140-160 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific Heat (J/g·K) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
**HDT Notes**:
– Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) measures temperature at which a specimen deflects 0.25mm under specified load
– Glass fiber reinforcement dramatically improves HDT — GF30 grades achieve 2-3× the HDT of unfilled grades at 1.82 MPa
– PA66-GF30 at 1.82 MPa: 250°C — suitable for under-hood automotive applications
– PA12’s low HDT limits use to room-temperature applications
Moisture Absorption and Environmental Effects
Nylon’s moisture absorption is a critical consideration — more so than almost any other engineering plastic:
| PA6 | 1.6% | 9.5% | 2.5-3.0% |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA66 | 1.2% | 8.5% | 2.5% |
| PA46 | 1.2% | 6.5% | 2.0% |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA11 | 0.4% | 2.0% | 0.8% |
**Impact of Moisture on Properties**:
– Tensile strength decreases 15-25% at saturated condition vs. dry-as-molded
– Impact resistance INCREASES with moisture absorption (nylon becomes tougher when conditioned)
– Dimensional change: PA6 swells approximately 0.4% per 1% moisture absorbed — must be accounted for in precision parts
– Electrical insulation properties degrade significantly with moisture (dielectric constant increases 2×)
**Design Recommendations**:
– PA12 for parts exposed to humid environments or water immersion
– Dry-as-molded properties for designing dimensional tolerances in molds
– Condition parts to equilibrium before measuring critical dimensions
Chemical Resistance of Nylon
Nylon’s chemical resistance profile determines suitability for industrial environments:
**Good Resistance (no significant attack at 23°C)**:
– Aliphatic hydrocarbons (gasoline, mineral oils, diesel)
– Alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol)
– Esters and ketones (acetone, MEK — limited exposure)
– Weak acids (acetic acid, citric acid — verify case-by-case)
– Dilute alkalis and salts
**Poor Resistance (attack or degradation)**:
– Concentrated mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) — rapid hydrolysis
– Strong oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide >10%)
– Phenol and formic acid — dissolves nylon
– Calcium chloride (desiccant) — causes stress cracking
– Strong alkalis at elevated temperature
**Specialty Grades for Chemical Service**:
– PA12 for automotive fuel lines — resistant to aromatic fuels and alcohol blends
– PA6I/6T (transparent nylon) for chemical contact applications requiring clarity
– Glass-filled grades for chemical pump housings and valve components
Electrical and Flammability Properties
**Electrical Properties** (at 50% RH conditioning):
| Dielectric Strength (kV/mm) | 20 | 20 | 18 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Volume Resistivity (Ω·cm) | 10^15 | 10^15 | 10^14 |
| Surface Resistivity (Ω) | 10^13 | 10^13 | 10^12 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dissipation Factor (1 MHz) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
**Flammability Ratings**:
| 등급 | UL94 Rating | Oxygen Index (%) |
|---|---|---|
| PA6 | HB | 24 |
| PA66 | HB | 24 |
| PA12 | HB | 22 |
|---|---|---|
| FR grades | V-0 | 32+ |
Nylon burns with a self-sustaining flame and drips. For electrical enclosures or components requiring flame retardancy, specify FR (flame retardant) grades — typically PA66 with halogen or phosphorus-based flame retardants.
특정 용도에 적합한 나일론 등급 선택에 대한 기술 지침이 필요하거나 PA6-CF, PA66-GF 또는 표준 나일론 소재의 가격 및 공급 옵션에 대해 논의하고 싶으신 경우, 당사의 엔지니어링 팀이 도와드릴 준비가 되어 있습니다. 나일론플라스틱닷컴 는 북미, 유럽 및 동남아시아의 제조업체에 산업용 나일론 소재를 공급합니다.
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나일론 등급 추천, 대량 주문에 대한 가격 또는 테스트용 샘플이 필요한 경우 기술팀에 문의하세요. 당사는 1.75mm 및 2.85mm 직경의 PA6-CF 탄소섬유 강화 나일론과 모든 범위의 PA6, PA66, PA12 및 GF 강화 등급을 공급합니다.
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**FAQs**
**Q: PA6와 PA66의 차이점은 무엇인가요?
A: PA66(나일론 66)은 PA6보다 녹는점이 높고(265°C 대 225°C) 내화학성이 우수합니다. PA6는 내충격성이 우수하고 비용 효율성이 더 높습니다. PA66은 고온 및 언더후드 자동차 애플리케이션에 선호되며, PA6는 일반 엔지니어링에 일반적으로 사용됩니다.
**Q: 유리 섬유 강화는 나일론을 얼마나 개선하나요?
A: 30% 유리 섬유를 추가하면 인장 강도는 100-120%(~80MPa에서 ~170MPa로), 굴곡 계수는 250-300%(~2.8 GPa에서 ~9 GPa로)가 증가합니다. 그러나 내충격성은 감소하고 뒤틀림은 증가합니다.
**Q: 탄소섬유 강화 나일론은 어떤 용도로 사용되나요?
A: 탄소섬유 강화 나일론은 높은 중량 대비 강성이 필요한 구조 부품, ESD에 민감한 응용 분야(전자 패키징, 연료 시스템) 및 치수 안정성이 필요한 정밀 부품에 사용됩니다. 나일론플라스틱닷컴은 FDM 3D 프린팅 및 사출 성형 응용 분야를 위한 PA6-CF를 공급합니다.
**Q: 나일론 부품의 수분 흡수 문제를 방지하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?
A: 성형 전에 나일론 수지를 수분 함량 0.2% 이하로 건조시킵니다(건조제 건조기에서 80-85°C에서 4~6시간). 치수가 중요한 부품의 경우 성형 후 어닐링(120-130°C에서 1~2시간)하여 결정성을 안정화합니다. 유리 또는 탄소 섬유 보강재를 사용하여 수분으로 인한 치수 변화를 70-80%까지 줄입니다.
**Q: 나일론은 식품 접촉 용도로 사용할 수 있나요?
A: 예. PA6와 PA66은 모두 식품 접촉에 대한 FDA 21 CFR §177.1500 규정을 준수합니다. EU 규정 10/2011을 준수하려면 문서화된 SML 테스트를 통해 특정 화합물을 선택해야 합니다. 항상 공급업체에 특정 등급 준수 여부를 확인하세요.
Frequently Asked Questions: Nylon Material Properties
Q: What’s the maximum continuous service temperature for nylon?
A: Unreinforced PA6/PA66: 80-100°C (176-212°F). Glass-reinforced grades: 110-130°C (230-266°F). Heat-stabilized grades: up to 140-160°C (284-320°F). Always derate mechanical properties at elevated temperatures—tensile strength drops ~50% at 120°C vs room temperature.
Q: How does crystallinity affect nylon properties?
A: Higher crystallinity (achieved through slower cooling or annealing) increases hardness, stiffness, and chemical resistance but reduces impact strength and transparency. PA66 has higher crystallinity than PA6, contributing to its superior mechanical performance.
Q: What’s the difference between PA6 and PA66 beyond melting point?
A: PA66: higher stiffness (3.0 GPa vs 2.7 GPa), lower moisture absorption, better creep resistance. PA6: better impact strength, easier processing, slightly better chemical resistance. For precision gears and high-load applications, PA66 is preferred; for snap-fits and impact applications, PA6 excels.
Q: How do I interpret nylon datasheet specifications?
A: Key properties: tensile strength (MPa), elongation at break (%), flexural modulus (GPa), notched Izod impact (J/m), HDT (°C at 0.45MPa and 1.8MPa), moisture absorption (% at 24h, 23°C, 50% RH). Always compare test conditions—ASTM vs ISO methods may show 10-15% variation.
